FAS and hepatitis B virus infection: For example, miR-181a was shown to inhibit apoptosis in vitro and promoted tumour cell growth in vivo during hepatitis B virus infection via targeting TNF receptor superfamily member 6 (Fas) [70]; Mukherjee A et al. [71] reported that exogenous expression of miR-181c inhibited hepatitis C virus replication by directly binding with HCV E1 and NS5A sequences; Importantly, ongoing efforts are focused on developing infectious disease detection systems utilizing miRNAs as biomarkers, has emerged as a promising biomarker for detecting influenza H1N1 virus infection [72].