TGFB1 and neoplasm: CCS is induced by a wide range of cytokines secreted by tumor or immune cells, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β, which are considered negative factors for anti-tumor immunity. They lead to exhausted T cells, impaired NK cells and DCs, accumulated MDSCs, and increased Tregs and glucocorticoid level