Similarly, systemic injection of MDP during the initial phases of DSS consumption also protects NOD2-intact, but not NOD2-deficient, mice from DSS-induced colitis, whose effects are also associated with markedly reduced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine responses against multiple TLR ligands in the colonic lamina propria immune cells (26, 28). This evidence concerns the gene NOD2 and colitis.