VEGFA and neoplasm: Furthermore, tumour associated macrophages and cancer associated fibroblasts secrete various proteins, including immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), interleukin 10 (IL-10), indolamine-2,3-dixoygenase (IDO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (12, 13).