IFNG and neoplasm: Stimulated by pro-inflammatory factors such as interferon (IFN)-γ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophages exhibit the M1 phenotype, which is capable of generating inflammatory responses, exerting anti-tumor effects, and promoting anti-tumor immune responses through the release of IL-1β, IL-12, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates (20).