TLR2 activation can trigger a neuroinflammatory response and promote α-synuclein aggregation through the TLR2/MyD88/NF-kB pathway (Cheng et al., 2023), while TLR4 is involved in the clearance of α-synuclein and initiates microglial responses in PD (Fellner et al., 2013). Here, TLR4 is linked to Parkinson disease.