There were recognised demographic (increasing age and both inversely, being married/in a de facto relationship and Asian ethnicity), diabetes-specific (insulin use), conventional (current smoking, increased heart rate and lower systolic blood pressure which attenuated with time, PAD, serum AST/ALT, a lower serum albumin which attenuated with time, and a CCI ≥ 3), and novel (serum NT-proBNP and serum hyaluronic acid) risk factors. Here, NPPB is linked to diabetes mellitus.