Early changes included upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CADM1, CDRH3, PCDHGA1, PCDHB14, PCDHB16, CLSTN1, ITGA6, NEO1, ANOS1) and neuronal guidance cues (NLGN3, NTRK3, SEMA4B, NTNG2), signaling receptors (PTCHD1, NRP1, BMPR2, UNC5C)70 and GFAP, a known hallmark of AD and astrogliosis71 (Fig. 6j, top). Here, SEMA4B is linked to Alzheimer disease.