This included markers for conventional AD neuropathological staging, including pTau (AT8) for NFTs and Aβ (6E10) for amyloid plaques, and additional markers for associated comorbid pathologies (pTDP-43, alpha synuclein (α-Syn)) and cellular changes (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) for microglia, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes, NeuN for neurons and hematoxylin and eosin to assess cytopathology and white matter integrity; Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene AIF1 and Alzheimer disease.