Early changes included upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CADM1, CDRH3, PCDHGA1, PCDHB14, PCDHB16, CLSTN1, ITGA6, NEO1, ANOS1) and neuronal guidance cues (NLGN3, NTRK3, SEMA4B, NTNG2), signaling receptors (PTCHD1, NRP1, BMPR2, UNC5C)70 and GFAP, a known hallmark of AD and astrogliosis71 (Fig. 6j, top). The gene discussed is PTCHD1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.