HDGF and neoplasm: The expressions of U2AF2 (P = 0.014, P = 0.0001), RUVBL1 (P = 0.005, P < 0.0001), HDGF (P = 0.0038, P < 0.0001), XPO1 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), POSTN (P = 0.0068, P = 0.0002), and STMN1 (P = 0.0058, P < 0.0001) were all significantly elevated in the metastasis group relative to both normal prostate and benign adjacent to tumour groups (Fig. 4a–g).