Extensive data suggest the implication of immune-inflammatory pathways in the development of atherosclerosis and associated CVDs.10,39 Several proteins related to the inflammatory response have been linked to the elevated risk of MI in our cohort studies, such as RARRES2, CLEC5A, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, and PGF. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1B and atherosclerosis.