SMAD7 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Other TGFβ‐responsive genes implicated in IPF, of which some are molecular targets for approved or clinical‐stage IPF therapeutics (Ma et al., 2022; Roach et al., 2021; Wollin et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2022), were consistently upregulated (e.g., Ccn2 (Ctgf), Ccn4 (Wisp1), Fn1, Fst, Inhbb, Itgav, Itgb5, Itgb6, Mapk11, Pmepa1, Tgfbr2), downregulated (e.g., Acvrl1, Prkcz, Smad6, Tgfbr3, Wnt2), or largely unregulated (e.g., Mapk14, Pdgfa, Smad7, Sp1, Wnt3) over the course of the study.