Normal concentrations of TNF-α can directly affect neurons expressing TNF-α receptors, impacting basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity by affecting NMDARs or AMPARs.110 At higher concentration, such as that found in Alzheimer’s disease brain, TNF-α also signals to astrocytes expressing TNFR1. The gene discussed is TNFRSF1A; the disease is Alzheimer disease.