TNF and cancer: Our findings showed that treatment with VIS and MTX either alone or in combination caused a decline in serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 with minimal reduction in the VIS-MTX combination treatment which strongly suggests that inhibition of MDH1 by VIS caused a great inhibition in the proliferation of inflammatory cells, which was confirmed in the study of [31] who investigated the effect of MDH1 inhibition in actively proliferating cells and cancer cells.