Environmental factors, both endogenous and exogenous, can alter the metabolism, growth patterns, and functions of TCs, shaping the TME and participating in regulating tumor progression.130 Long-term exposure to carbon black ultrafine particles generated from incomplete combustion of organic compounds in air increases PD-L1 + PD-L2 + CD206+ antigen-presenting cells, exhausted T cells, and Treg cells. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.