Furthermore, the liver’s immune response was modulated through the recruitment of MDSCs and Tregs and reduced infiltration of NK cells and Th17 cells.191 Another investigation highlighted the crucial role of Proteus mirabilis abundance and reduced Bacteroides vulgatus quantity in CRC liver metastasis, linked to diminished kupffer cells (KCs), the predominant macrophage population in liver sinusoids.192 The gene encoding EV angiogenesis-like protein 1 was identified in reprogramming KCs, hindering vascular leakage in liver PMN, and attenuating CRC liver metastasis.193. Here, TBCE is linked to colorectal carcinoma.