In the large meta-analysis mentioned previously, confounder-adjusted analyses showed an increased odds ratio of preterm delivery (1.51; 1.26-1.80), low 1-minute Apgar score (1.43; 1.01-2.03), macrosomia (≥4000 g) (1.70; 1.23-2.36), and LGA infants (1.57; 1.25-1.97) in pregnancies with diet-treated GDM compared to healthy controls, whereas in pregnancies with insulin-treated GDM there were higher odds of respiratory distress syndrome (1.57; 1.19-2.08), LGA (1.61; 1.09-2.37), neonatal jaundice (1.28; 1.02-1.62), and admission to NICU (2.29; 1.59-3.31) compared with healthy controls. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.