INS and gestational diabetes: Finally, in studies not reporting the use of insulin, GDM pregnancies had increased odds of congenital malformations (1.18; 1.10-1.26), preterm delivery (1.51; 1.19-1.93), macrosomia (1.48; 1.13-1.95), neonatal hypoglycemia (11.71;7.49-18.30), and admission to NICU (2.28; 1.26-4.13).