TP53 and neoplasm: On the one hand, hypoxia may retard growth and induce cell death by disrupting DNA repair and initiating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or necrosis by increasing p53; while on the other hand, it may promote growth and survival by facilitating the adaptation of cells to stress through HIF, e.g., inducing glycolysis, angiogenesis, and anaerobic metabolism, and allowing tumor cell migration and metastasis by aiding cell detachment, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and adhesion (34, 47, 48).