Besides miRNAs, cytokines are small proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate inflammation and responses.15 Dysregulated cytokines generate uncontrolled immunological responses, hence a chronic inflammation within the small intestine of patients with CD.16 Among cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-35 (IL-35), interleukin-37 (IL-37), and interleukin-7 (IL-7) have been chosen for investigation due to their roles in immune regulation and inflammation, and their potential relevance to CD pathophysiology. Here, IL7 is linked to Cowden disease.