INS and Insulin resistance: For example, two earlier studies conducted on individuals who were overweight or obese found greater improvements in clinical indicators of metabolic health, such as abdominal obesity (waist circumference, total body fat, and fat mass), plasma insulin levels, and insulin resistance, through either diet-induced weight loss or intermittent fasting in participants with the Hp1-1 phenotype compared to those with the Hp2-1 and Hp2-2 phenotypes [43].