The kinases implicated in the phosphorylation of IRF7 include IKKε, IKKα, IRAK1, and TBK1.57,75–77 In response to viral infection, IRF7 is phosphorylated at Ser477 and Ser479 and activated by TBK1 and IKKε.38 Additionally, phosphorylation at Ser471, Ser472, Ser483, Ser484, and Ser487 also contributes to the activation of IRF7. This evidence concerns the gene IKBKE and viral infectious disease.