TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Galectin-1 has been identified as a mediator of TGFβ- and hypoxia-induced lung fibrosis (41), and direct anti-proliferative effects have been shown using shRNA knock-down of galectin-1 as well as treatment with OTX008, a small molecule inhibitor that reached phase I clinical trials for patients with advanced solid tumors.