RhIL11 has also been trialled in a different context, as a cytoprotective agent, in patients across a range of other medical conditions (e.g. colitis, myocardial infarction, arthritis, and cirrhosis) (Table 1 and Supplementary material online, Table S1) as IL11 was previously thought to be anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic.16 As such, many thousands of patients have received, and continue to receive, rhIL11 in clinical trials and as part of routine medical care. This evidence concerns the gene IL11 and colitis.