TNF and bacterial infectious disease: Likewise, Bishayi et al. (2016) demonstrate that melatonin administration during acute bacterial infection by S.aureus and E. coli, produced an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and catalase activities, also reducing the levels of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) and CRP (C-reactive protein) (Bishayi et al. 2016).