TERT and hepatocellular carcinoma: By analyzing key genes and proteins in HCC, such as TP53 (which is closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma development), CTNNB1 (which is key to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and whose mutation promotes tumor growth), and TERT the catalytic subunit of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT, whose mutation in the promoter region promotes cellular immortalization), and heat Shock Protein (HSP70, high expression levels correlate with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis), allowing individualized treatment plans to be tailored for each patient (43).