180). In contrast to the PARP family, which consists of multiple members, the PARG family comprises only a single member. This characteristic lends the advantage of specificity to targeted PARG therapy and helps to overcome the issue of tumour cell resistance to PARPi (Ref. 113). Furthermore, PARP1 is highly abundant in cells, with an estimated 106 molecules per cell (Ref. 181). By contrast, each cell contains approximately 2000 PARG molecules (Ref. 182), suggesting that PARG may offer enhanced potency and cell-type specificity for cancer treatment. Here, PARP1 is linked to neoplasm.