VDAC1 and autoimmune disease: VDAC1 overexpression, its oligomerization, and apoptosis were triggered by various apoptosis-inducing conditions including chemotherapy drugs and UV irradiation [16–18, 20, 94] in several disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease [95], type 2 diabetes [96], and autoimmune diseases such as lupus [23] and inflammatory bowel diseases [97].