VEGFA and neoplasm: M1 macrophages target tumor cells via multiple mechanisms, including release of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL6 and TNFα), reactive oxygen species, nitrogen intermediates, and other factors, whereas M2 promotes immunosuppression, tumor growth, progression, and resistance to therapy via regulation of factors such as TGFβ and IL10, VEGF-A that mediates angiogenesis, and other growth factors (41).