KRAS and neoplasm: These studies showed a synergy between inhibiting the MAPK and PI3K pathways in KRas-G12D-driven carcinogenesis, with increased tumour eradication in mice treated with inhibitors of both pathways, including the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 and the MEK inhibitor ARRY-142886 (Engelman et al., 2008; Gupta et al., 2007).