PI3K binding affinity did not significantly increase in binding affinity in KRAS G12D, NRAS G12D or NRAS Q61R-mutant in vitro, however there was a significant decrease in AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 in NRAS Q61-mutant melanoma cell lines, compared to NRAS G12 or G13 mutant cell lines, which was used as a marker for PI3K pathway activation (Burd et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and melanoma.