In addition, alterations to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and immunofluorescence expression level of astrocytes were observed in the hippocampus, one of the areas affected by AD (Balestrieri et al., 2020; Fellgiebel and Yakushev, 2011; Luppi et al., 2022; Rao et al., 2022), which may elucidate the mechanism of action of PBM. The gene discussed is WNK2; the disease is Alzheimer disease.