However, the processes through which autophagy operates relate to cancer being involved in several alterations of autophagy-linked proteins, such as autophagy-related genes (ATGs), p53, Beclin 1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), and autophagy pathways, such as mTOR, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).11 The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is cancer.