KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: In addition to the frequently implicated Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis, the MAPK/ERK pathway emerges as a pivotal route for signal transduction that influences cellular proliferation and differentiation.27 Mutations in key components of this pathway, such as KRAS and BRAF, are well-documented in CRC and represent important biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted treatment28 (Fig. 2).