KRAS and neoplasm: These vaccines are engineered in vitro to encode tumor-specific antigens that provoke an immunogenic response potentially capable of overcoming previous resistance observed in cancer vaccine applications.360 Currently, an mRNA vaccine, mRNA-5671/V941, targeting prevalent KRAS mutations (G12D, G12V, G13D, and G12C), is under evaluation in a phase II clinical trial (NCT03948763) to determine its safety, tolerability, and optimal dosing regimen.