CSF2 and cancer: Further advancing this approach, Rahma et al. explored combining the mutated K-Ras vaccine with cytokines such as IL-2 and GM-CSF to potentiate the immune response in patients with solid metastatic tumors, including CRC.356 Their study included a diverse patient group with cancers of the colorectum, pancreas, lung, and common bile duct, divided into three different treatment arms.