TNF and neoplasm: In other studies, prophylactic immunization with the hydatid cyst wall protein bands (~ 27/28 kDa), that showed cross-reactivity with breast cancer patients’ sera, or crude hydatid cyst wall antigens (laminated layer) caused significant inhibition of 4T1 breast tumor growth, decrease of metastasis, and prolongation of the tumor-bearing mice survival time through a rise in the levels of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4 [51, 181].