In a retrospective study by Kobayashi on individuals who were admitted for laboratory and imaging investigations for suspected CS, elevated sIL-2R levels was shown to positively correlate with worse clinical outcomes (arrythmias, all-cause death and HF hospitalizations; P = 0.037) even after adjustments for age, BNP, estimated GFR, cardiac metabolic volume (CMV), LVEF, and LGE [30]. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and Cowden syndrome 1.