ABI: ankle-brachial index; ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASO: arteriosclerosis obliterans; ba-PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-cho: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HT: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; SU: sulfonylurea. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.