GDF15 and hydrops fetalis: Higher GDF-15 levels linked to increased risk of CV outcomes (HR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3). HF (HR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0). Kidney problems (HR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0). Canagliflozin modestly lowered GDF-15, but this did not explain the drug's benefit on CV and kidney health.