TLR4 and fungal infectious disease: The Toll pathway was first discovered in Drosophila as a type-1 transmembrane receptor functioning in embryonic patterning (Anderson et al., 1985; Hashimoto et al., 1988), but it was later found to play a crucial role in innate immunity, primarily (but not exclusively) in response to Gram-positive bacterial and fungal infections (Lemaitre et al., 1996; Michel et al., 2001; Muhammad et al., 2020).