The previous studies revealed that TGF-β pathway has been shown to play a bidirectional adjusting effect in tumor progression: in the early stages of cancer, TGF-β exhibits tumor-suppressing effects by inhibiting cell cycle progression and promoting apoptosis; in advanced stage, TGF-β enables to promote tumor progression via accelerating tumor invasion and metastasis (32, 33). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.