HMOX1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: In the rat tailbone IDD model, andrographolide upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), p-Nrf2, p-p38, p-Erk1/2, and p-JNK, activating the MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and effectively inhibiting static mechanical pressure-induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation in NPC (Zhang C. et al., 2023).