ATN1 and epilepsy: Reduced glucose metabolism is also observed in PMEs, a group of diseases that includes DRPLA (Sone et al., 2016), LD (Jennesson et al., 2010), ULD (Muccioli et al., 2022), MERRFs (Berkovic et al., 1989), and the NCLs (Jennesson et al., 2010; De Volder et al., 1990; Kitani et al., 1995), the latter characterized by epilepsy, retinal changes, dementia, and brain atrophy (Zimmern and Minassian, 2024).