To explore the differentially expressed lncRNAs profiles in primary HSCs between S. japonicum infected and uninfected mice, the liver tissues were collected from the infected mice at day 49 post infection when significant liver fibrosis has been formed, as detected by Masson’s trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry, as manifested by more collagen depositions and larger positive area of α-SMA and Col1α1 in the infected liver compared to the uninfected mice (Fig. 1A, B). Here, ACTA1 is linked to infection.