In conclusion, while palladin has been investigated in diseases including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (i.e. pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; colorectal cancer) (32, 49, –, 51), this study is the first to report a role for palladin in the infection and replication of a major respiratory pathogen and its association with a viral protein. This evidence concerns the gene PALLD and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.