TLR4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: According to the findings of Ye et al. (2016), gram-negative bacterial infection, particularly Escherichia coli, significantly enhances the expression of key lipid synthesis enzymes, FASN and ACC1, by activating TLR4 and TLR9 signaling pathways in NSCLC cells, this upregulation leads to increased lipid levels, thereby promoting the proliferation and metastatic potential of NSCLC cells.