Previous studies have demonstrated that obesity causes a persistent low-grade inflammation in the body and the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc., which inhibit skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, promote skeletal muscle protein degradation, and induce apoptosis, reducing skeletal muscle mass through various signaling pathways (38, 39). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.