Secondly, in the immune system: mindfulness training can enhance immune system function, including increasing salivary immunoglobulins and immune cells, reducing inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNFα), and C-reactive protein, and other emotion-regulating biomarkers, thus alleviating anxiety, depression, and other negative emotions (Creswell et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2024). Here, IL6 is linked to depressive symptom measurement.