TNF and COVID-19: The dysregulated immune response in severe COVID-19 is marked by an inflammatory cascade involving elevated proinflammatory cytokines, often referred to as a “cytokine storm.” This exaggerated cytokine release, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and others, contributes to systemic inflammation and triggers coagulation cascades, promoting a prothrombotic milieu.