Meanwhile, the expression of PD‐L1 on the surface of tumor cells also increased in CRLM patients after RFA treatment, concomitant with a gradual decrease in the antitumor immune response due to the upregulation of exhaustion markers (such as PD‐1, Tim‐3, CD160, and CD244) on TILs, ultimately leading to immune evasion and tumor progression (Figure 4A).223. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.