By classifying our cohort into metastasis (spread to lymph node or distant organs) and non-metastasis groups based on their American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N and M staging, we found that CALB2+ cancer cells and CALB2+ CAFs were notably more prevalent in tumor with metastasis, indicating the potential of CALB2 to promote PDAC metastasis (Fig. 1G). This evidence concerns the gene CALB2 and neoplasm.