It is noteworthy that concomitant anti-PD-1 treatment was not able to ameliorate tumor-induced T-cell exhaustion, resulting in similar growth patterns and overall survival rates between the EpCAM/GFPCAR T-cell/anti-PD-1 and EpCAM/GFPCAR T-cell/IgG-treated animals, respectively (Fig. 3b, e and j). Here, EPCAM is linked to neoplasm.