SERPINE1 and multiminicore myopathy: Elevation of secreted factors in the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MMD patients has been reported, including various inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and angiogenetic mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) [13–16].