Although tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells augment therapeutic efficacies, their spatial restriction in tumor stroma is predictive of poor survival, in which increased IFNγ and cytokine stimulated tumor NOS2 and COX2 expression creates a cellular configuration culminating in abated CD8+ T-cell infiltration as well as the development of metastatic and CSC niches (13, 14). Here, NOS2 is linked to neoplasm.