TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Our analysis unveiled a positive correlation between the transcriptional levels of macrophage polarization markers (IL‐1β, IL‐12β, TNF, CXCL1, and CXCL2) and LMP2 and LMP7 (EGAS00001006398) (Figure 1L; Figure S1H, Supporting Information).[20] These findings collectively suggest that the expression of immunoproteasome is heightened concomitantly with macrophage polarization during the development of COPD.